“Pac-man” Strategy of Dis1 Protein for Microtubule Shortening in Fission Yeast

Kinesin proteins eat away at microtubules, shortening them and pulling chromosomes to opposite spindle poles during cell division in most organisms. However, fission yeast lacks these proteins, and yet undergoes the same process. A recent study conducted in Japan indicated that in fission yeast, non-kinesin proteins of the TOG/XMAP215 family promote microtubule shortening through a process known as microtubule catastrophe.

Cell division, i.e., the process through which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells, is fundamental to the growth, repair, and reproduction of living organisms. During cell division, chromosomes are pulled towards opposite spindle poles through the shortening of molecular ropes known as microtubules. Microtubules, which are composed of the protein tubulin, shorten with the help of “Pac-man”-like molecules that eat away at their tips. In most organisms, these Pac-man-like molecules are a group of proteins from the kinesin-13 subfamily that lead to microtubule shortening. Interestingly, during cell division in fission yeast, microtubule shortening also occurs in the absence of kinesin-13 proteins, suggesting the involvement of other proteins.

Recently, a team of researchers including Professor Masamitsu Sato and Ph.D student Yuichi Murase from the Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience at Waseda University, Mika Toya from the Global Center of Science and Engineering at Waseda University, Junichiro Yajima from the Department of Life Sciences at the University of Tokyo, and Takahiro Hamada from the Department of Bioscience, Okayama University of Science conducted a study to identify these non-kinesin proteins.

It is known that proteins from the TOG/XMAP215 family such as Dis1 are involved in microtubule elongation in certain species. However, previous findings have indicated that even in cells without the Dis1 protein, the length of the microtubules is similar to that of normal cells. Elaborating further, Sato says, “Twenty years back, researchers considered TOG proteins as conventional microtubule stabilizers and believed that kinesin is the only factor responsible for microtubule shortening to carry chromosomes. But my observation through a microscope indicated that Dis1 acted like a de-stabilizer, making me curious about how exactly microtubule shortening occurs in yeast.”

In this study, which was published online on November 26, 2022, in Communications Biology, the team tested their hypothesis that Dis1 might be involved in microtubule shortening in yeast.

To arrive at their findings, the team conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments in yeast cells. They captured images of microtubules in yeast via fluorescence microscopy and examined how Dis1 modified microtubule length. Images captured within intervals of five seconds depicted that Dis1 promotes microtubule shortening through microtubule catastrophe—a process in which growing microtubules suddenly switch into a rapidly shortening state.

Before being split and pulled, chromosomes are held in place by microtubules emanating from the opposite poles. The team observed that Dis1 collects near the tip of the microtubule at the point in the chromosome where microtubules attach, known as the kinetochore. This suggests that Dis1 causes microtubule catastrophe by remaining anchored to the microtubule-kinetochore junction, thereby causing a sudden shortening of microtubules.

To test whether Dis1 is indeed involved in chromosome pulling, the team created artificial Dis1 oligomers which were then tethered to the chromosome arm region, to induce artificial chromosome pulling in yeast. The team observed smooth and frequent pulling of chromosomal arms by the microtubules connected to the artificial Dis1 kinetochore towards the spindle poles.

The interaction of Dis1 with the microtubules in fission yeast is unique and unexpected since TOG/XMAP215 proteins are known to be involved in microtubule polymerization, the process that leads to microtubule elongation in many organisms.

What are the long-term applications of these findings? Sato muses, “We envision that the molecular device created in this study can be a platform for the artificial chromosome segregation machinery, which might contribute to therapy for diseases that are caused by defects in chromosome segregation. Alternatively, it could be used for the construction of artificial cells that can segregate genetic materials to descendants independently.”

Title: The virtual Dis1 kinetochore shorten microtubules connected to it and induce chromosome pulling
Caption: In fission yeast, a non-kinesin protein known as Dis1 attaches to the kinetochore-microtubule interface and promotes microtubule catastrophe, resulting in the sudden switch from microtubule elongation to microtubule shortening.
Credit: Masamitsu Sato from Waseda University
License: Original content

Reference

Authors: Yuichi Murase¹, Masahiko Yamagishi², Naoyuki Okada^1,3, Mika Toya^1,4,5, Junichiro Yajima^2,6,7, Takahiro Hamada⁸ and Masamitsu Sato^1,5,9
Title of original paper: Fission yeast Dis1 is an unconventional TOG/XMAP215 that induces microtubule catastrophe to drive chromosome pulling
Journal: Communications Biology
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04271-2

Affiliations:¹Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
²Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
³Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Investigacao Inovacao em Saude (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 208 Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
⁴Global Center for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
⁵Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
⁶Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
⁷Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
⁸Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, 700-0005, Japan
⁹Institute for Medical-Oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan

About Professor Masamitsu Sato

Professor Masamitsu Sato is a distinguished researcher and professor at Waseda University’s Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience with over 24 years of research experience. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Tokyo’s Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry. Professor Sato is a recipient of the JSPS Fellowship for Research Abroad and worked as a post-Doctoral fellow at Cancer Research UK’s London Research Institute from 2002 to 2006. He was awarded the Commendation for Science and Technology by Japan’s Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in 2012. He has also received the Waseda University Research Award and the Waseda University Teaching Award. Professor Sato’s research currently focuses on the mechanisms of cell division and cell differentiation.