\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u30b5\u30a4\u30a8\u30f3\u30b9\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff08\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30ebCOE\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u300c\u30a2\u30af\u30c6\u30a3\u30f4\u30fb\u30e9\u30a4\u30d5\u3092\u5275\u51fa\u3059\u308b \u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u300d\uff092010\u5e74\u5ea6\u4fee\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u767a\u8868\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8
\n\u203b \u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u7d42\u4e86\u5f8c\u306b\u512a\u79c0\u767a\u8868\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8868\u5f70\u5f0f\uff0c\u304a\u3088\u3073\u61c7 \u89aa\u4f1a\u3092\u958b\u50ac\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u306e\u8133\u5faa\u74b0\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u547c\u5438\u8abf\u7bc0\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u306e\u9023\u95a2<\/p>\n
\u5c0f\u6cb3\u3000\u7e41\u5f66\u3000\u5148\u751f \uff08\u6771\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u90e8\u3000\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n
\u8840\u4e2d\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\uff08\uff23\uff2f\uff12\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u8abf\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8abf\u7bc0\u56e0\u5b50\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001 \u8133\u5faa\u74b0\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u306b \u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4f8b\u5916\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u75b2\u52b4\u56f0\u618a\u76f4\u524d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u904e\u547c\u5438\u306b\u3088\u308ahypocapnia \u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u306f\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u305d\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5b89\u9759\u6642\u3068\u540c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u307e\u3067\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3059\u308b \uff08Ogoh et al. AJP, 2005\uff09\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3001\u8133\u5faa\u74b0\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u547c\u5438\u6027\u5316\u5b66\u53d7\u5bb9\u5668 \u53cd\u5c04\u3068\u304c\u9023\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u8133\u5faa\u74b0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\uff50\uff28\u3084\uff30\uff41\uff23\uff2f\uff12\u306e\u30db\u30e1\u30aa\u30b9\u30bf\u30b7\u30b9\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b \u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u3001\u6f14\u8005\u306f\u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3067\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3053\u308c\u3089\uff12\u3064\u306e \u8abf\u7bc0\u6a5f\u69cb\u304c\u9023\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u304b\u3081\u305f\uff08Ogoh et al. J Physiol. 2008; Ogoh et al. JAP, 2009) \u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u77e5\u898b\u3082\u542b\u3081\u3066\u4e0a\u8ff0\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6982 \u8aac\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n
The analysis of ACL injury mechanism from video tapes and simple clinical test for the risk evaluation<\/p>\n
Dr. Tron Krosshaug (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center)<\/p>\n
The mechanisms for non-contact ACL injury is a matter of controversy and several theories have been proposed, principally the quadriceps drawer hypothesis (the quadriceps muscle generates anterior shear forces on the tibia due to the patellar tendon angle), internal rotation (internal tibial rotation on a relatively straight leg), valgus in combination with external rotation (knee valgus collapse with external rotation, which might involve impingement of the ACL against the intercondylar notch) and tibiofemoral compression (tibiofemoral compression loading displaces the femur posteriorly relative to the tibia). A precise description of the injury mechanism is critical to be able to target intervention programs to prevent ACL injuries. Furthermore, our knowledge on the risk factors for ACL injuries is limited. However, the literature strongly suggests that motion patterns are important. Optimizing sidestep cutting technique is therefore crucial. \u3000This lecture will give an update on the present knowledge on ACL injury mechanisms with a special focus on video analysis. A new hypothesis for the mechanisms of non-contact ACL injury is proposed. Moreover, a new study on the effect of technique on knee valgus moments will be presented. Finally, the use of simple clinical screening tests to identify players at risk will be discussed.<\/p>\n
“\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u7af6\u6280\u73fe\u5834\u306b\u5fdc\u7528\u3059\u308b”\u3092\u518d\u8003\u3059\u308b<\/p>\n
\u7530\u5185\u3000\u5065\u4e8c \u5148\u751f\uff08\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8853\u9662\u3000\u52a9\u6559\uff09<\/p>\n
\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u77e5\u898b\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u73fe\u5834\u3067\u5229\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c \u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u3002\u4f53\u80b2\u30fb\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5834\u3068\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u878d\u5408\u3001Bridge the gap \u306a\u3069\u306e\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u306e\u4e0b\u3001\u300c\u3069\u3046\u3059\u308c\u3070\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u3092\u7af6\u6280\u73fe\u5834\u306b\u5fdc\u7528\u3067 \u304d\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3092\u9577\u3089\u304f\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304c\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002 \u3000\u767a\u8868\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u30a2\u30c6\u30cd\u30aa\u30ea\u30f3\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u3067\u9280\u30e1\u30c0\u30eb\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u7af6\u6280\u306e \u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u30b9\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\u3001\u9678\u4e0a\u7af6\u6280\u4e16\u754c\u9078\u624b\u6a29\u7537\u5b50\u3084\u308a\u6295\u3067\u9285\u30e1\u30c0\u30eb\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u6751\u4e0a \u5e78\u53f2\u9078\u624b\u306a\u3069\u3092\u3001\u30d0\u30a4\u30aa\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30af\u30b9\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u30b5\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u672c \u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30b5\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u6d3b\u52d5\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u30b3\u30fc\u30c1\u3084\u9078\u624b\u3068\u306e\u3084\u308a\u53d6 \u308a\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u300c\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u7af6\u6280\u73fe\u5834\u306b\u5fdc\u7528\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4eca\u4e00\u5ea6 \u8003\u3048\u308b\u5834\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3002\u300c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5fdc\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u304b\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u3044 \u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5fdc\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4eba\u6750\u3092\u80b2\u3066\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3078\u3068\u30b3\u30f3\u30bb\u30d7\u30c8\u3092\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c \u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u73fe\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u767a\u8868\u8005\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9aa8\u683c\u7b4bMRI\u306e\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u30c7\u30fc\u30c8\u3000Diffusion-weighted imaging\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3057\u3066<\/p>\n
\u67f3\u6fa4\u3000\u4fee\uff08\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8853\u9662\u3000\u52a9\u6559\uff09<\/p>\n
\u73fe\u5728\u3001MRI\u306f\u9ad8\u78c1\u5834\u306eMR\u88c5\u7f6e\u3084\u9ad8\u611f\u5ea6\u306e\u591a\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30cd\u30eb\u30b3\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u767b\u5834\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001 \u77ed\u6642\u9593\u3067\u9ad8\u54c1\u8cea\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u8133\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u3068\u3057\u305f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u9818 \u57df\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u64ae\u50cf\u6cd5\u306e\u958b\u767a\u304c\u3001\u8fd1\u5e74\u306eMRI\u6280\u8853\u306e\u76ee\u899a\u307e\u3057\u3044\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u8ca2 \u732e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002 \u3000\u9aa8\u683c\u7b4b\u9818\u57df\u306e\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7b4b\u5185\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u306e\u62e1\u6563\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308bDiffusionweighted imaging\uff08DWI\uff09\u3001\u6c34\u62e1\u6563\u306e\u7570\u65b9\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308bDiffusion tensor imaging\u3001\u6c34 \u306e\u62e1\u6563\u60c5\u5831\u304b\u3089\u7b4b\u7dda\u7dad\u3092\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u3059\u308bDiffusion tensor tractography\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3057 \u3066\u3001\u7b4b\u306e\u5f3e\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308bMR elastography\u3084\u7b4b\u8840\u6d41\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308bArterial spin labeling \u6cd5\u306a\u3069\u304c\u6d3b\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u3001DWI\u6cd5\u306f\u64ae\u50cf\u6642\u9593\u3092\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u77ed\u304f\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068 \u304b\u3089\uff08\u6570\u5341\u79d2\u3067\u64ae\u50cf\u53ef\uff09\u3001\u529b\u767a\u63ee\u4e2d\u3084\u904b\u52d5\u5f8c\u306e\u6025\u6027\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b4b\u306e\u751f\u7406\u53cd\u5fdc\u3092\u512a \u308c\u305f\u6642\u9593\u5206\u89e3\u80fd\u3067\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u533b\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u306f\u5341\u5206\u306b\u6d3b\u7528\u3067\u304d \u308b\u64ae\u50cf\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001DWI\u6cd5\u306f\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u6bdb\u7d30\u704c\u6d41\u3082\u53cd\u6620\u3059\u308b\u3053 \u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b4b\u5185\u306e\u6c34\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u611f\u5ea6\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30b5\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b4b\u52d5\u54e1\u30d1 \u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u628a\u63e1\u306b\u3082\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002 \u3000\u4eca\u56de\u306f\u3001DWI\u6cd5\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u3001\uff11\uff09\u305d\u306e\u64ae\u50cf\u539f\u7406\u3001\uff12\uff09\u64ae\u50cf\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff08\u64ae\u50cf\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8 \u3068\u6ce8\u610f\u70b9\uff09\u3001\uff13\uff09DWI\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u3001Diffusion tensor imaging\u3084Diffusion tensor tractography\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u6982\u8981\u3092 \u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u64ae\u50cf\u6cd5\uff08MR elastography\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u7d39\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u3000 (\u306a\u304a\uff0c\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u540d\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5148\u751f\u306b\u3054\u8b1b\u6f14\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304f\u4e88\u5b9a\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u67f3\u6fa4\u5148\u751f\u306e\u767a\u8868\u7d42\u4e86\u5f8c\u306b\uff0c\u5f15\u304d\u7d9a\u304d\u3054\u8b1b\u6f14\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002)<\/p>\n
Alerting in elite athletes: behavioral and EEG studies<\/p>\n
Dr. Olga Sysoeva\uff08Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences\uff09<\/p>\n
Certainly, athletes who make the successful career must posses some important characteristics, which make them different from the ordinary people. Understanding this differences and its biological basis might be used to increase the effectiveness the training procedure. The aim of the current study was to investigate attention network in elite athletes. Thirty-six elite athletes (cross country skiers and biathletes Olympic team, 9 females) and control group of 25 students (5 females) performed Attention Network Test. It was observed that the elite athletes group had smaller alerting-attention scores compared to control group (32 and 14, respectively, t[59]=3.7, p=0.0005) and higher executive-attention scores (108 and 84, respectively, t[59]=-2.5, p=0.01). All other parameters, such as RTs were similar among the groups. For 15 subjects (10 students, 5 elite athletes, all males) EEG was recorded during the performance of ANT and some other tasks. Significant difference in alerting scores was observed for this group of subjects, too. There were significant differences between the group in the brain responses: elite athletes having bigger contingent negative wave (CNV) in the no cue condition and shorter latency of N1 component of event-related potential (ERP). The results might not be explained by the pure physical exercises effect, \u02bbcause no decrease in alerting was observed after intense physical exercise for the group of wrestlers. \u3000The Attention Network Test was developed to measure the function of the three distinct attentional networks, alerting, orienting, and executive control. The norepinephrine (NE) system arising in the locus coeruleus is thought to be involved in regulating the alert state (Posner & Petersen, 1990), and disrupting activity of the noradrenergic systems involved in arousal can reduce the effectiveness of alerting produced by a warning signal (Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002). As pointed out by Fan and Posner (2004): \u201c Larger alerting numbers generally arise when one group has difficulty in maintaining alertness without a cue\u201d. Therefore, our study suggest than elite athletes has an ability to sustain attention even without a cue very efficient, decreasing the beneficial effect of cue presentation. The data might have implication for sport practice.<\/p>\n
Methodology of Coregistration of Eye Movements and EEG<\/p>\n
Dr. Werner Sommer\uff08Humboldt University)<\/p>\n
In this talk I will introduce a potential new method of the simultaneous recording of both eye tracking and event-related potentials (ERP), extracted from the electroencephalogram. However, due to methodological constraints, ERP-research has been overwhelmingly confined to word-by-word presentation designs in a study of reading. It is therefore unclear, how the findings from the two research traditions relate to each other. In my talk I will outline the obstacles towards overcoming this limitation by coregistration of eye movements and ERPs, suggest possible solutions, and present some examples for recent findings from coregistration experiments performed in my lab.<\/p>\n
Performance monitoring\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b1b\u6f14<\/p>\n
Dr. Greg Hajcak\uff08Assistant Professor, Stony Brook University\uff09<\/p>\n
\u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a2\u30a2\u30b9\u30ea\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u6210\u719f\u5ea6\u8a55\u4fa1\u3000\uff5e\u30c8\u30c3\u30d7\u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a2\u30a2\u30b9\u30ea\u30fc\u30c8\u306f\u65e9\u719f\u304b\uff1f\uff5e<\/p>\n
\u5e83\u702c \u7d71\u4e00\u5148\u751f\uff08\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8853\u9662 \u51c6\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n
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The Comparative Study of the Level of Fatigue, Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness of Primary School Teachers<\/p>\n
Dr. Frank Fang and Ellen Chen\uff08National Taiwan Normal University\uff09<\/p>\n
The fatigue level will affect the quality of learning, working and living conditions of each individual. The higher level of physical activity (PA) and Cardiovascular fitness (CVF) may decrease the level of fatigue (LF); however, the relationship among these factors is not much investigated before. The purposes of this study were to compare the differences of each variable of primary school teachers with different level of LF, PA and CVF and the correlation among the LF, PA and CVF. Methods: The primary school teachers in Taipei City, Taiwan were randomly selected to fill out questionnaires and 733 copies of valid samples were thus used for this study. The LF and PA were evaluated using the Chinese version of Checklist Individual Strength Questionnaire (CIS-20) and Exercise Behavior Questionnaire (which included frequency, intensity, duration, and sense of joy of exercise). Based on the previous standard, CIS>76 was classified as the fatigue group, CIS\u226676 as the non-fatigue group. Furthermore, 94 teachers (36 of fatigue group and 58 of non-fatigue group, with the average age of 42.07\u00b16.74) were asked to perform 6-minute walk test to measure CVF. The collected data was then analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent-samples test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey\u2019s Honestly Significant Difference, and Pearson\u2019s Correlation using the SPSS14.0 software. Results: 1. There was 30.2% of the primary school teachers suffered from fatigue potentially. 2. Teachers who exercised regularly or with more PA were significantly less fatigue than those who exercised less or did not work out at all. (p<.05) 3. The CVF of the teachers of non-fatigue group was significantly better than those of the fatigue group. (p<.05) 4. The CVF of those who exercised more frequently was better than those who exercise less. (p<.05) 5. The LF was negatively correlated to PA and CVF (p<.01) whereas PA was positively correlated to CVF (p<.01). Conclusion: The elementary school teachers who exercise regularly, with higher PA, or with better CVF are less prone to fatigue and the LF is related to PA and CVF.
\nKeywords\uff1alevel of fatigue, physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, primary school teachers<\/p>\n
Human performance monitoring<\/p>\n
\u6b63\u6728 \u5b8f\u660e\u5148\u751f\uff08\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8853\u9662 \u51c6\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n
For the last decade, numerous researchers have been interested in the functions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), because this region is related to not only affective aspects of cognition but also performance monitoring. We can observe the activities of the ACC via scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs), especially the error-related negativity (ERN) and the feedback-related negativity (FRN). In this talk I will introduce recent ERN\/FRN findings from our laboratory associated with performance monitoring and motivational\/affective aspects of human brain information processing. In terms of motor learning, performance monitoring, including error detection, is a very important mechanism to acquire skilled movements. In addition, the motivational aspect is also important to help us understand the underlying mechanisms of motor learning. I will talk about (1) the effects of both reward and punishment on performance monitoring, (2) modulation of the ERN according to different strengths of the interference effect, and (3) the relationship between reward\/punishment anticipation and the FRN in a reinforcement-learning task. Although these findings are derived from fundamental experiments, I believe that they will provide fruitful scientific evidence that will be useful for sport scientists who investigate the underlying mechanisms of skilled performance.<\/p>\n
\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6210\u4eba\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8eab\u4f53\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u7269\u7406\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u8981\u56e0<\/p>\n
\u77f3\u4e95 \u9999\u7e54\u5148\u751f\uff08\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8853\u9662 \u52a9\u624b\uff09<\/p>\n
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